Nanomaterials and Annelid Immunity: A Comparative Survey to Reveal the Common Stress and Defense Responses of Two Sentinel Species to Nanomaterials in the Environment
Kornélia Bodó,
Nicoló Baranzini,
Rossana Girardello,
Bohdana Kokhanyuk,
Péter Németh,
Yuya Hayashi,
Annalisa Grimaldi,
Péter Engelmann
Affiliations
Kornélia Bodó
Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary
Nicoló Baranzini
Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
Rossana Girardello
Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
Bohdana Kokhanyuk
Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary
Péter Németh
Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary
Yuya Hayashi
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Annalisa Grimaldi
Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
Péter Engelmann
Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti u, 12, 7643 Pécs, Hungary
Earthworms and leeches are sentinel animals that represent the annelid phylum within terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, respectively. One early stress signal in these organisms is related to innate immunity, but how nanomaterials affect it is poorly characterized. In this survey, we compare the latest literature on earthworm and leeches with examples of their molecular/cellular responses to inorganic (silver nanoparticles) and organic (carbon nanotubes) nanomaterials. A special focus is placed on the role of annelid immunocytes in the evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and immune mechanisms and protein corona formation and probable endocytosis pathways involved in nanomaterial uptake. Our summary helps to realize why these environmental sentinels are beneficial to study the potential detrimental effects of nanomaterials.
