Introduction to chicken genetic resources of India: a comprehensive review

Abstract

Abstract India is home to a diverse range of indigenous chicken breeds, which are crucial for rural livelihoods, genetic conservation, and sustainable poultry farming. These breeds exhibit unique traits, including disease resistance, climate adaptability, and superior meat and egg quality, making them valuable genetic resources. However, intensified commercial poultry production has led to the decline of native breeds, necessitating urgent conservation efforts. This review systematically examines the genetic diversity, population structure, and conservation strategies of Indian indigenous chicken breeds. Molecular tools such as microsatellite markers, SNP genotyping, and whole-genome sequencing have been extensively used to characterize genetic variations and phylogenetic relationships among these breeds. The study compiles data from the 20th Livestock Census, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, india, and peer-reviewed genetic studies to present a comprehensive overview of population trends and genetic uniqueness. Findings indicate that despite their genetic richness, several indigenous breeds face the risk of genetic dilution and population decline. To address this, structured breeding programs, in situ and ex situ conservation strategies, and genomic selection techniques must be reinforced. Future research should focus on genome-wide association studies (GWAS), epigenetics, and climate resilience traits to enhance productivity while preserving genetic integrity. Strengthening national conservation policies will be essential to ensure the sustainability of indigenous chicken biodiversity in India.

Keywords

• Chicken
• Genetic resources
• India
• Poultry
• Conservation