Incidence and Predictors of Healthcare-Associated Infections in Patients Admitted to a Temporary Intensive Care Unit during the COVID-19 Pandemic Waves: A Two-Year (2021–2023) Retrospective Cohort Study in Rome, Italy
Antonio Sciurti,
Valentina Baccolini,
Mariateresa Ceparano,
Claudia Isonne,
Giuseppe Migliara,
Jessica Iera,
Francesco Alessandri,
Giancarlo Ceccarelli,
Carolina Marzuillo,
Guglielmo Tellan,
Maria De Giusti,
Francesco Pugliese,
Paolo Villari,
the Collaborating Group
Affiliations
Antonio Sciurti
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Valentina Baccolini
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Mariateresa Ceparano
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Claudia Isonne
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Giuseppe Migliara
Department of Life Sciences, Health, and Health Professions, Link Campus University, 00165 Rome, Italy
Jessica Iera
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Francesco Alessandri
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Umberto I Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Giancarlo Ceccarelli
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Carolina Marzuillo
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Guglielmo Tellan
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Umberto I Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Maria De Giusti
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Francesco Pugliese
Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Umberto I Teaching Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
Paolo Villari
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
the Collaborating Group
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
To manage the number of critical COVID-19 patients, Umberto I Teaching Hospital in Rome established a temporary ICU on March 1, 2021. This study investigated the incidence and risk factors of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) among these patients during various COVID-19 waves. Patients were grouped by admission date according to the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant prevalent at the time (Alpha, Delta, Omicron BA.1, Omicron BA.2, Omicron BA.5, and Omicron XBB). First-HAI and mortality rates were calculated per 1000 patient-days. Predictors of first-HAI occurrence were investigated using a multivariable Fine–Gray regression model considering death as a competing event. Among 355 admitted patients, 27.3% experienced at least one HAI, and 49.6% died. Patient characteristics varied over time, with older and more complex cases in the later phases, while HAI and mortality rates were higher in the first year. Pathogens responsible for HAIs varied over time, with first Acinetobacter baumannii and then Klebsiella pneumoniae being progressively predominant. Multivariable analysis confirmed that, compared to Alpha, admission during the Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, and XBB periods was associated with lower hazards of HAI. Despite worsening COVID-19 patient conditions, late-phase HAI rates decreased, likely due to evolving pathogen characteristics, improved immunity, but also better clinical management, and adherence to infection prevention practices. Enhanced HAI prevention in emergency situations is crucial.
