Recent Advances in Cellulose Nanofibers Preparation through Energy-Efficient Approaches: A Review
Seyed Rahman Djafari Petroudy,
Bruno Chabot,
Eric Loranger,
Maryam Naebe,
Jamileh Shojaeiarani,
Samira Gharehkhani,
Behzad Ahvazi,
Jinguang Hu,
Sabu Thomas
Affiliations
Seyed Rahman Djafari Petroudy
I2E3—Innovations Institute in Eco-Materials, Eco-Products, and Eco-Energies Biomass Based, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
Bruno Chabot
I2E3—Innovations Institute in Eco-Materials, Eco-Products, and Eco-Energies Biomass Based, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
Eric Loranger
I2E3—Innovations Institute in Eco-Materials, Eco-Products, and Eco-Energies Biomass Based, University of Québec at Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
Maryam Naebe
Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia
Jamileh Shojaeiarani
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Western New England University, Springfield, MA 01119, USA
Samira Gharehkhani
Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E, Canada
Behzad Ahvazi
Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
Jinguang Hu
Biorefining & Photo-Bioprocessing Research Lab, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2L 1Y1, Canada
Sabu Thomas
International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and their applications have recently gained significant attention due to the attractive and unique combination of their properties including excellent mechanical properties, surface chemistry, biocompatibility, and most importantly, their abundance from sustainable and renewable resources. Although there are some commercial production plants, mostly in developed countries, the optimum CNF production is still restricted due to the expensive initial investment, high mechanical energy demand, and high relevant production cost. This paper discusses the development of the current trend and most applied methods to introduce energy-efficient approaches for the preparation of CNFs. The production of cost-effective CNFs represents a critical step for introducing bio-based materials to industrial markets and provides a platform for the development of novel high value applications. The key factor remains within the process and feedstock optimization of the production conditions to achieve high yields and quality with consistent production aimed at cost effective CNFs from different feedstock.
