Infertility services integrated within the maternal health department of a public hospital in a low-income country, Rwanda
Selwyn P. Oskowitz, M.D.,
Angélique K. Rwiyereka, M.D., Ph.D.,
Théogène Rurangwa, M.D.,
Donald S. Shepard, Ph.D.,
Emile Rwamasirabo, M.D.,
Keith B. Isaacson, M.D.,
Sheryl van der Poel, Ph.D.,
Catherine Racowsky, Ph.D.
Affiliations
Selwyn P. Oskowitz, M.D.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California; Reprint requests: Selwyn P. Oskowitz, M.D., RII, 1755 Ocean Ave., Apt 1002, Los Angeles, CA 90401.
Angélique K. Rwiyereka, M.D., Ph.D.
Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California; Schneider Institutes for Health Policy and Research, Institute for Global Health and Development, Heller School of Social Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
Théogène Rurangwa, M.D.
Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda
Donald S. Shepard, Ph.D.
Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California; Schneider Institutes for Health Policy and Research, Institute for Global Health and Development, Heller School of Social Policy, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts
Emile Rwamasirabo, M.D.
Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California; Rwanda Accreditation Agency for Quality Healthcare (RAAQH), Kigali, Rwanda
Keith B. Isaacson, M.D.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California
Sheryl van der Poel, Ph.D.
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), Birmingham, Alabama
Catherine Racowsky, Ph.D.
Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Rwanda Infertility Initiative (RII), Los Angeles, California; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hospital Foch, Suresnes, France
Objective: To describe the initiation, integration, and costs of reduced-cost infertility services within the maternal health department of a public hospital in a low-income country. Design: Retrospective review of the clinical and laboratory components of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment in Rwanda from 2018 to 2020. Setting: Academic tertiary referral hospital in Rwanda. Patients: Patients seeking infertility services beyond the primary gynecological options. Interventions: The national government furnished facilities and personnel, and the Rwanda Infertility Initiative, an international nongovernmental organization, provided training, equipment, and materials. The incidence of retrieval, fertilization, embryo cleavage, transfer, and conception (observed until ultrasound verification of intrauterine pregnancy with fetal heartbeat) were analyzed. Cost calculations used the government-issued tariff specifying insurers' payments and patients' copayments with projected delivery rates using early literature. Main Outcome Measures: Assessment of functional clinical and laboratory infertility services and costs. Results: A total of 207 IVF cycles were initiated, 60 of which led to transfer of ≥1 high-grade embryo and 5 to ongoing pregnancies. The projected average cost per cycle was 1,521 USD. Using optimistic and conservative assumptions, the estimated costs per delivery for women <35 years were 4,540 and 5,156 USD, respectively. Conclusions: Reduced-cost infertility services were initiated and integrated within a maternal health department of a public hospital in a low-income country. This integration required commitment, collaboration, leadership, and a universal health financing system. Low-income countries, such as Rwanda, might consider infertility treatment and IVF for younger patients as part of an equitable and affordable health care benefit.
