Fluoride removal efficiencies of Al-EC and Fe-EC reactors: process optimization using Box–Behnken design of the surface response methodology

Abstract

Abstract In this study, surface response methodology was employed to investigate the effect of different interacting factors on the removal of fluoride from synthetic water using aluminum electrocoagulation (Al-EC) and iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) in different reactors. Box–Behnken design of a Design Expert version 11 was used for the optimization and evaluation of the process independent variables: applied electric density, initial pH, initial fluoride concentration and treatment time on the efficiency of fluoride removal as a response. Results showed that the effect of current density and initial fluoride concentration was significant model terms for fluoride reduction in Fe-EC and Al-EC reactors, respectively. The Al-EC reactor model presented the R 2 value of 79.2% while Fe-EC presented R 2 value of 75.8%, showing that both models can predict the response well. The reduction by 94% (initial concentration of 16 mgF/L) was established at optimal operating parameters of 18.5 mAcm−2, pH 6.80 in 50 min using Al-EC. On the other hand, 16 mgF/L was reduced by 92% to 1.28 mgF/L in Fe-EC reactor at optimal condition of 6.5 mAcm−2, pH 6.50 in 50 min. Experimental results correlated well to the model predicted results that were 95 and 94% for Al-EC and Fe-EC, respectively. Both reactors manage to reduce fluoride to a level recommended by WHO (≤ 1.5 mg/L) for drinking purpose.

Keywords

• Electrocoagulation
• Defluoridation
• Box–Behnken design
• Surface response