Different Types of Fantastic Etiology in Hafez Poetry

Abstract

 Abstract Fantastic etiology in Persian poetry has such a high status that we can say that this figure of speech is one of the most interested figures between classic Persian poets. This figure is frequently used by Hafez in his poetries so that after equivocalness it is the second rhetorical figure in his poetries. The definition of fantastic etiology is that causality in poetry is based on similarity and it must be aesthetical and satisfactory, not scientific and discursive. By Fantastic etiology poets create imaginative connection between two phenomena; in the other hand, this figure rationally proves the possibility of the impossible and thus presents the lies disguised as truth. The poet’s goal in fantastic etiology is not to invent the cause, but rather to make the conventional descriptions sound unusual. For example, in the line “Because the cloud weeps without reason, tulips and roses laugh at it,” it is the groundless tears of the cloud which cause mockery on the part of the tulips and roses. In this example, two conventional expressions- “the cloud’s tears” (describing the spring rain) and “the flowers’ laughter” (describing their blossoming) - are connected by a causal relationship which does not exist in reality.  In classical Persian poetry Hafez, along with equivocalness, utilized of fantastic etiology in the best form . His uses of this literary device, like another figures of speech in his poetry, is very natural and unassuming. Understanding, interpreting and aesthetical purpose of some Hafez poetries is based on fantastic etiology.  Companionship, concomitancy and admixture of poetical figures are factors that must be discussed in stylistic analysis of poetry. Literary figures occasionally uses alone in poetry and some when uses together. Though fantastic etiology in rhetoric or figure of thought is an independent figure, but this devise occasionally uses with another literary figures such as: exaggeration, personification, simile, and pretention. Hafez in his poetries utilized of fantastic etiology along with these figures.  Fantastic etiology first and foremost along with exaggeration that entails the reader amazement and attention. In some Hafez poetries, fantastic etiology attendant with exaggeration. In rhetoric, simile divided into different species; in Hafez poetries fantastic etiology along with distinctive simile and specially simile concomitant. As we know equivocalness is the dominant figure and literary device in Hafez poetries; some fantastic etiologies in his poetries participant with equivocalness that in this situation tow figure of speech jointly assistant. Personification is one of the important bases of fantastic etiologies, because imaginative causes that makes for fantastic etiologies, always built on to personalize of phenomena.  In Hafez lyrics, fantastic etiology is a vehicle for representing the sublime beauty of ideal beloved. Almost ninety percent of lyrics in which that Hafez used fantastic etiology, are composed to represent the utopian and ethereal beloved; as if in poetical world of Hafez, all existence phenomena mimeses the Hafez beloved. In this poetical and mystical attitude, if the existent phenomena undergone the alternation, movement, quietness and maturity, it is because of the reason that those phenomena mimeses, unhappy contests and welcome to beloved.  The first result of this essay is that in every literary text, one or several devises are dominated; In Hafez lyrics, this devise is one of the dominant rhetorical figures that utilized in different ways. 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