Elderly Subjects Supplemented with L-Glutamine Shows an Improvement of Mucosal Immunity in the Upper Airways in Response to Influenza Virus Vaccination
Vitória Paixão,
Ewin B. Almeida,
Jonatas B. Amaral,
Tamaris Roseira,
Fernanda R. Monteiro,
Roberta Foster,
Adriane Sperandio,
Marcelo Rossi,
Gislene R. Amirato,
Carlos A. F. Santos,
Renier S. Pires,
Fabyano B. Leal,
Edison L. Durigon,
Danielle B. L. Oliveira,
Rodolfo P. Vieira,
Mauro Vaisberg,
Juliana M. B. Santos,
André L. L. Bachi
Affiliations
Vitória Paixão
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Ewin B. Almeida
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Jonatas B. Amaral
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Tamaris Roseira
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Fernanda R. Monteiro
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Roberta Foster
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Adriane Sperandio
Method Faculty of São Paulo (FAMESP), São Paulo 04046-200, Brazil
Marcelo Rossi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Gislene R. Amirato
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Carlos A. F. Santos
Department of Medicine, Geriatry, Paulista School of Medicine (EPM), São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
Renier S. Pires
Post-Graduation Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo 04743-030, Brazil
Fabyano B. Leal
Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
Edison L. Durigon
Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
Danielle B. L. Oliveira
Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-060, Brazil
Rodolfo P. Vieira
Brazilian Institute of Teaching and Research in Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (IBEPIPE), São Paulo 12245-520, Brazil
Mauro Vaisberg
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Juliana M. B. Santos
Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos 11015-020, Brazil
André L. L. Bachi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil
Background: Although glutamine is able to improve the immune response, its action in the upper airway immunity against the influenza virus vaccine remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the L-glutamine supplementation effect on the mucosal immune/inflammatory response of elderly subjects vaccinated against the influenza virus. Methods: Saliva sampling from 83 physically active elderly volunteers were collected pre- and 30 days after influenza virus vaccination and supplementation with L-glutamine (Gln, n = 42) or placebo (PL, n = 41). Results: Gln group showed higher salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-17, total secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and specific-SIgA post-vaccination than values found pre-vaccination and in the PL group post-vaccination. Whereas higher salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were observed post-vaccination in the Gln group, IL-37 levels were lower post-vaccination in both groups than the values pre-vaccination. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels were unchanged. Positive correlations between IL-6 and IL-10 were found in all volunteer groups pre- and post-vaccination and also between IL-17 and IL-6 or IL-10 in the Gln group post-vaccination. A negative correlation between IL-37 and IL-10 was found pre- and post-vaccination in the PL group. Conclusion: Gln supplementation was able to modulate salivary cytokine profile and increase SIgA levels, both total and specific to the influenza virus vaccine, in physically active elderly subjects.
