Synthesis and Characterization of Ground Biochar (GB) Reinforced Composites for Removal of Heavy Metal from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Md Rezaur Rahman,
Anthonette Anak James,
Hadi M. Marwani,
Sinin bin Hamdan,
Khairul Anwar bin Mohamad Said,
Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri,
Jamal Uddin,
Mohammed Mahbubul Matin,
Osamam Madkhali,
Mahmood D. Aljabri,
Mohammed M. Rahman
Affiliations
Md Rezaur Rahman
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Anthonette Anak James
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Hadi M. Marwani
Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia and Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Sinin bin Hamdan
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Khairul Anwar bin Mohamad Said
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS), 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia; Composite Materials and Engineering Center, Washington State University, 2001 East Grimes Way, 99164, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
Jamal Uddin
Department of Natural Science, Coppin State University, Science and Technology Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 21216, U.S.A.
Mohammed Mahbubul Matin
Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, 4331 Chittagong, Bangladesh
Osamam Madkhali
Department of Physics, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Mahmood D. Aljabri
Department of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
Mohammed M. Rahman
Department of Chemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia and Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Heavy metal contamination ruins the ecosystem and water quality. The adsorption method for heavy metal remediation is preferred because of its low cost and high efficiency. This work created eco-friendly ground biochar (GB) biomass-based derivatives reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) with titanium dioxide (TiO2). The composites improved palm oil mill effluent (POME) conditions, and H2SO4 activation increased pores by 80%. PLA and TiO2 altered GB characteristics, according to FTIR analysis. A significant adhesion interaction showed that GB, PLA, and TiO2 particles were compatible. Ball milling's shear force increased surface area, according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) research. Particle size reduction increased GB porosity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the porous structure of GB and the synergistic effect of PLA and TiO2 on POME during treatment. The SEM showed several components on the composite surface, demonstrating its efficacy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) showed that sample C's composite, which had the most GB, decreased POME heavy metals by 94.4% manganese (Mn), 88.4% cadmium (Cd), and 94.4% zinc (Zn). The resulting POME met the Malaysian Department of Environment's POME discharge limit by reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, and pH.
