Is Biochar from the Torrefaction of Sewage Sludge Hazardous Waste?
Andrzej Białowiec,
Jakub Pulka,
Marzena Styczyńska,
Jacek A. Koziel,
Joanna Kalka,
Marcelina Jureczko,
Ewa Felis,
Piotr Manczarski
Affiliations
Andrzej Białowiec
Institute of Agricultural Engineering, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
Jakub Pulka
Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, 28 Wojska Polskiego Str., Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
Marzena Styczyńska
Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 37 Chełmońskiego Str., Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland
Jacek A. Koziel
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 4350 Elings Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
Joanna Kalka
Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, The Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Marcelina Jureczko
Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, The Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Ewa Felis
Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Biotechnology Department, The Silesian University of Technology, 2 Akademicka Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Piotr Manczarski
Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 20 Nowowiejska Str., Warsaw University of Technology, 00-653 Warszawa, Poland
Improved technologies are needed for sustainable management of sewage sludge (SS). The torrefaction (also known as biomass “roasting”) is considered a pretreatment of SS before use in agriculture. However, it is not known whether the torrefaction has the potential to decrease heavy metals’ (HMs) leachability and the SS toxicity. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the influences of the SS torrefaction parameters (temperature and process time) on HM contents in biochar, HM leachability, and biochar toxicity, and compare them with raw SS. The experiments were designed in 18 combinations (six temperatures, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, and 300 °C; and three process times—20, 40, 60 min). Standard tests were used to determine HMs content, leachability, and toxicity. Results indicated that the torrefaction did not increase (p p p Daphnia magna Straus mobility inhibition by up to 100% in comparison to the biochar obtained during 40 and 60 min torrefaction. Taking into account the increased leachability of specific HMs and D. magna Straus mobility inhibition, biochar should be considered a potentially hazardous material. Future research should focus on biochar dosage as a fertilizer in relation to its toxicity. Additional research is warranted to focus on the optimization of SS torrefaction process parameters affecting the toxicity.
