Physical Review Accelerators and Beams (Jun 2022)

Submacropulse electron-beam dynamics correlated with higher-order modes in a Tesla-type cryomodule

  • A. H. Lumpkin,
  • R. Thurman-Keup,
  • D. Edstrom,
  • P. Prieto,
  • J. Ruan,
  • B. Jacobson,
  • J. Sikora,
  • J. Diaz-Cruz,
  • A. Edelen,
  • F. Zhou

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.064402
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 25, no. 6
p. 064402

Abstract

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Experiments were performed at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology facility to elucidate the effects of long-range wakefields in TESLA-type superconducting rf cavities. In particular, we investigated the higher-order modes (HOMs) generated in the eight, nine-cell cavities of a cryomodule (CM) due to off-axis steering with correctors located ∼4 m upstream of the CM. We have observed correlated submacropulse centroid slews of a few hundred microns and centroid oscillations at ∼240 kHz in the rf beam-position-monitor data after the CM. The entrance energy into the CM was 25 MeV, and the exit energy was 100 MeV with 125 pC/bunch and 400 pC/bunch in 50-bunch pulse trains. These experimental results were evaluated for machine learning training aspects which will be used to inform the commissioning plan for the Linac Coherent Light Source-II injector CM. With an entrance beam energy of <1 MeV in this case (or for ∼6 MeV at the European X-ray Free-electron Laser injector), the HOM-effect mitigation would be particularly critical.