Periodontal diseases: A covert focus of inflammation in pulmonary diseases

Abstract

Pulmonary diseases have known to exert significant human sufferings with high death toll globally. The association between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases is still in its infancy and needs attention. Poor oral health has shown to influence pulmonary health as well as the course of the diseases associated with this system. Numerous studies have emphasized that resident microorganisms of lungs are primarily the habitants of oral cavity. It could be due to the aspiration of oral periodontopathic bacteria into the lungs, thereby initiating the inflammatory process. Added to this, the inflammatory mediators elaborated from the inflamed periodontium in case of periodontal diseases may spread via blood to other organs such as lungs causing infections. Numerous studies have highlighted the beneficial role of periodontal therapy in improving lung function with a decreased frequency of exacerbations, reduced risk of adverse respiratory events, and morbidity, especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Medically compromised dentate patients admitted in intensive care units owing to their inability to maintain oral hygiene properly have increased propensity of acquiring respiratory infections. The present review focuses on emphasizing the relationship between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases with the available published literature utilizing PubMed and Google Scholar databases in the last four decades.

Keywords

• Aspiration pneumonia
• asthma
• bronchiectasis
• chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
• chronic periodontitis
• tuberculosis