The VLF-induced ionospheric perturbations detected by DEMETER during solar minimum

Abstract

Abstract The VLF-induced ionospheric heating events from the powerful transmitter NWC are collected at extremely low solar activity years of 2008–2009, and their spatial and temporal distribution features are investigated. The spatial distribution of heating signals exhibits clear north-direction inclination of 2–3°, and covering area within 300 km radius in longitude and latitude. Plasma parameters show the obvious negative correlations between decreasing N e and increasing T e , and positive correlations of the increasing ion density and ion temperature during the VLF heating time. The ions move upwards to cause the perturbations in ULF electric field due to $$\mathop{V}\limits^{\rightharpoonup} \times \mathop{B}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}$$ V ⇀ × B ⇀ . The VLF heating events easily occur at seasons with low plasma density, which illustrates that low plasma environment plays an important role in VLF-induced ionospheric heating. Typical three enhanced VLF signals are obtained, one at 19.8 kHz with the largest amplitude, one at the broadened frequency band of 19.8 ± 300 Hz with one order of amplitude decreasing, and one between 19.5 kHz and lower hybrid frequency with at least two orders of amplitude reductions relative to that at 19.8 kHz but still one order increasing relative to non-heating region. These quasi electrostatic waves during VLF heating may not be from the VLF whistler conversion, but the lightning-whistler waves are enhanced when they pass through the plasma cavity formed during VLF heating process.

Keywords

• VLF transmitter
• DEMETER satellite
• Ionospheric heating