Evaluation of waste toner asphalt containing crude palm oil from Congo: Rheological properties, compatibility, self-healing and aging characteristic

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of bio-based additives on waste toner-modified asphalt binder (WTMA) properties. Congo crude palm oil (CCPO) and waste banknote toner (WT) were chosen as modifiers. Rheological properties, including high-temperature behavior, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature performance, were evaluated using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR). Storage stability, Aging index, Self-healing, Fluorescence microscopy (FM), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) tests were conducted. Results showed that the CCPO reduces WTMA viscosity, leading to lower mixing and compaction temperatures. However, CCPO inclusion decreases rutting performance, evidenced by reduced rutting factor (G*/sinδ) and % recovery (R), and increase non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr). Fatigue resistance of CCPO/WT composite-modified asphalt surpasses that of WTMA. Similarly, CCPO/WT composite-modified asphalt exhibits higher resistance to low-temperature cracking. Moreover, CCPO addition reduces phase separation in WTMA, enhancing compatibility. Waste toner improves binder self-healing properties, although CCPO initially impacts WTMA’s self-healing ability negatively. Nevertheless, CCPO/WT composite-modified asphalt demonstrates higher self-healing capability compared to the base asphalt.

Keywords

• Waste toner
• Congo crude palm oil
• Composite-modified asphalt
• Rheological properties
• Self-healing
• Congo Brazzaville