Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (Jan 2023)
Effective Management of “OFF” Episodes in Parkinson’s Disease: Emerging Treatment Strategies and Unmet Clinical Needs
Abstract
Nbaa Masood, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai West, New York, NY, USACorrespondence: Joohi Jimenez-Shahed, Associate Professor of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bonnie and Tom Strauss Movement Disorders Center, 1000 10th Avenue, Suite 10C, New York, NY, 10019, USA, Tel +1 212-523-8335, Fax +1 212-523-8342, Email [email protected]: Motor complications related to the chronic administration of levodopa and failure to prevent the neurodegenerative disease process counterbalance the pivotal discovery of levodopa as the cornerstone of PD treatment. Excellent motor control is offered early during the course of treatment, but this diminishes as pathological changes in the striatum lead to synaptic dopamine levels becoming completely dependent on exogenous dopamine. This non-physiologic stimulation of dopamine receptors eventually manifests as OFF episodes. As no disease modifying therapy exists for PD that can disrupt these pathological changes, most research and treatment focuses on optimization of dopaminergic stimulation of striatal receptors so that they mimic tonic, physiologic stimulation as closely as possible. Strategies focusing on these challenges have included non-pharmacologic approaches, optimizing levodopa pharmacokinetics, using adjunctive treatments including those with non-dopaminergic mechanisms, and implementing rescue therapies. Device aided therapies, including surgery, are also available. In this review, we will focus on effective management of motor symptoms related to OFF periods, including emerging strategies. Unmet clinical needs will be discussed, including non-motor symptoms, targeted molecular therapies and disease modifying therapy.Keywords: continuous dopaminergic stimulation, advanced Parkinson’s Disease, motor complications, nonmotor symptoms, dyskinesias, chronic levodopa complications
