Photoelectrocatalytic Coupling of Chlorine Radicals Enhances Sulfonamide Antibiotic Degradation in Saline-Alkaline Waters in Cold-Water Fish Aquaculture

Abstract

The degradation of organic matter using TiO2 nanotube photocatalytic technology is limited by the short lifetime and diffusion radius of the generated hydroxyl radicals, decreasing the removal efficiency. This study developed a chlorine radical-coupled photoelectrocatalytic system, significantly enhancing the performance of TiO2 nanotube arrays in removing sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) from cold-water aquaculture systems. The highest degradation rates were observed at 5 mM NaCl and 15 mM NaNO3. When SA concentrations were 0.1–10 mg/L, degradation efficiency decreased with higher initial concentrations. The best degradation was achieved at an initial pH of 3 for SA. Humic acid and sodium acetate, natural organic matter in the water column, served as low-concentration promoters and high-concentration inhibitors. In our study, three degradation intermediates were identified, and hydrolysis and nitration reactions are proposed as the primary pathways for SA degradation. We confirmed that oxygen radicals play a major role in this system. Furthermore, toxicology experiments revealed the weakening of the toxicity of the degraded products. This study provides an efficient method for treating organic matter in cold-water fish culture water in chloride-containing saline and alkaline waters.

Keywords

• titanium dioxide nanotube arrays
• photoelectrocatalysis
• chlorine coupling
• ecotoxicity
• aquaculture
• sulfonamide