Elapid Snake Venom Analyses Show the Specificity of the Peptide Composition at the Level of Genera Naja and Notechis
Aisha Munawar,
Maria Trusch,
Dessislava Georgieva,
Diana Hildebrand,
Marcel Kwiatkowski,
Henning Behnken,
Sönke Harder,
Raghuvir Arni,
Patrick Spencer,
Hartmut Schlüter,
Christian Betzel
Affiliations
Aisha Munawar
Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestreet 85, Building 22a, Hamburg 22603, Germany
Maria Trusch
Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany
Dessislava Georgieva
Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestreet 85, Building 22a, Hamburg 22603, Germany
Diana Hildebrand
Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
Marcel Kwiatkowski
Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
Henning Behnken
Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, Hamburg 20146, Germany
Sönke Harder
Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
Raghuvir Arni
Department of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto CEP 15054-000, SP Brazil
Patrick Spencer
Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Avenue Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
Hartmut Schlüter
Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistraße 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
Christian Betzel
Laboratory of Structural Biology of Infection and Inflammation, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestreet 85, Building 22a, Hamburg 22603, Germany
Elapid snake venom is a highly valuable, but till now mainly unexplored, source of pharmacologically important peptides. We analyzed the peptide fractions with molecular masses up to 10 kDa of two elapid snake venoms—that of the African cobra, N. m. mossambica (genus Naja), and the Peninsula tiger snake, N. scutatus, from Kangaroo Island (genus Notechis). A combination of chromatographic methods was used to isolate the peptides, which were characterized by combining complimentary mass spectrometric techniques. Comparative analysis of the peptide compositions of two venoms showed specificity at the genus level. Three-finger (3-F) cytotoxins, bradykinin-potentiating peptides (BPPs) and a bradykinin inhibitor were isolated from the Naja venom. 3-F neurotoxins, Kunitz/basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-type inhibitors and a natriuretic peptide were identified in the N. venom. The inhibiting activity of the peptides was confirmed in vitro with a selected array of proteases. Cytotoxin 1 (P01467) from the Naja venom might be involved in the disturbance of cellular processes by inhibiting the cell 20S-proteasome. A high degree of similarity between BPPs from elapid and viperid snake venoms was observed, suggesting that these molecules play a key role in snake venoms and also indicating that these peptides were recruited into the snake venom prior to the evolutionary divergence of the snakes.