Multimodality Imaging Assessment of Tetralogy of Fallot: From Diagnosis to Long-Term Follow-Up
Sara Moscatelli,
Valeria Pergola,
Raffaella Motta,
Federico Fortuni,
Nunzia Borrelli,
Jolanda Sabatino,
Isabella Leo,
Martina Avesani,
Claudia Montanaro,
Elena Surkova,
Massimo Mapelli,
Marco Alfonso Perrone,
Giovanni di Salvo
Affiliations
Sara Moscatelli
Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK
Valeria Pergola
Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanità pubblica, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
Raffaella Motta
Dipartimento di Scienze Cardio-Toraco-Vascolari e Sanità pubblica, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
Federico Fortuni
Department of Cardiology, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, 06034 Foligno, Italy
Nunzia Borrelli
Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit, A.O. dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, 80131 Naples, Italy
Jolanda Sabatino
Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Isabella Leo
Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Martina Avesani
Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
Claudia Montanaro
Adult Congenital Heart Centre and National Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy’s and St. Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 5NP, UK
Elena Surkova
Department of Echocardiography, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 5NP, UK
Massimo Mapelli
Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milan, Italy
Marco Alfonso Perrone
Clinical Pathways and Epidemiology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
Giovanni di Salvo
Division of Paediatric Cardiology, Department of Women and Children’s Health, University Hospital of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common complex congenital heart disease with long-term survivors, demanding serial monitoring of the possible complications that can be encountered from the diagnosis to long-term follow-up. Cardiovascular imaging is key in the diagnosis and serial assessment of TOF patients, guiding patients’ management and providing prognostic information. Thorough knowledge of the pathophysiology and expected sequalae in TOF, as well as the advantages and limitations of different non-invasive imaging modalities that can be used for diagnosis and follow-up, is the key to ensuring optimal management of patients with TOF. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of each modality and common protocols used in clinical practice in the assessment of TOF patients.
