Invited Article: Molecular biomarkers characterization for human brain glioma grading using visible resonance Raman spectroscopy
Yan Zhou,
Cheng-hui Liu,
Binlin Wu,
Chunyuan Zhang,
Xinguang Yu,
Gangge Cheng,
Hong Chen,
Shenglin Li,
Qijun Liang,
Mingqian Zhang,
Ke Zhu,
Lingyan Shi,
Robert R. Alfano
Affiliations
Yan Zhou
Air Force General Hospital, PLA, No. 30 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
Cheng-hui Liu
Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
Binlin Wu
Physics Department and CSCU Center for Nanotechnology, Southern Connecticut State University, 501 Crescent Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06515, USA
Chunyuan Zhang
Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
Xinguang Yu
The Department of Neurosurgery, PLA General Hospital, 28th Fuxing Road, Beijing 100039, China
Gangge Cheng
Air Force General Hospital, PLA, No. 30 Fuchenglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100142, China
Hong Chen
Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, No. 104 Youyi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China
Shenglin Li
Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, No. 104 Youyi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China
Qijun Liang
Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, No. 104 Youyi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China
Mingqian Zhang
Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, No. 104 Youyi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China
Ke Zhu
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100190, China
Lingyan Shi
Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
Robert R. Alfano
Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers, Department of Physics of the City College of the City University of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, USA
The accurate identification of the human brain tumor boundary and the complete resection of the tumor are two essential factors for the removal of the glioma tumor in brain surgery. We present a visible resonance Raman (VRR) spectroscopy technique for differentiating the brain tumor margin and glioma grading. Eighty-seven VRR spectra from twenty-one human brain specimens of four types of brain tissues, including the control, glioma grade II, III, and IV tissues, were observed. This study focuses on observing the characteristics of new biomarkers and their changes in the four types of brain tissue. We found that two new RR peaks at 1129 cm−1 and 1338 cm−1 associated with molecular vibrational bonds in four types of brain tissues are significantly different in peak intensities of VRR spectra. These two resonance enhanced peaks may arise from lactic acid/phosphatidic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, respectively. We found that lactic acid and ATP concentrations vary with glioma gratings. The higher the grade of malignancy, the more the increase in lactic acid and ATP concentrations. These two RR peaks may be considered as new molecular biomarkers and used to evaluate glioma grades and identify the margin of gliomas from the control tissues. The metabolic process of lactic acid and ATP in glioma cells based on the VRR spectral changes may reveal the Warburg hypothesis.
