Effect of <i>Bacillus</i> Probiotics on the Immunological Responses of Nile Tilapia (<i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>): A Review

Abstract

The use of antibiotics and therapeutics for Nile tilapia has increased along with its increased production and intensification. Probiotics have been studied as an alternative to the excessive use of antibiotics in fish diets. Studies have demonstrated that dietary Bacillus probiotic inclusion promotes faster growth and disease resistance in farmed fish species. Despite advances in research, there is still uncertainty about the mechanisms controlling the immune response of fish. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent research on the immune responses of Nile tilapia to Bacillus probiotics. Through the use of immunological information including phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, respiratory activity, antioxidant proteins, complement activity, and immune-related gene expression, researchers hope to develop effective strategies for successfully using Bacillus probiotics in Oreochromis niloticus farming.

Keywords

• Nile tilapia
• <i>Bacillus</i> probiotics
• gut microbiota
• immune response