Orange peel as low-cost adsorbent in the elimination of Cd(II) ion: kinetics, isotherm, thermodynamic and optimization evaluations

Abstract

Abstract The presence of heavy metals in polluted water is known not only to cause severe harm to marine organisms, but also to terrestrial plants and animals including human beings. This research applied low-cost and environmentally benign adsorbent primed from waste orange peel (OP) for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution via batch adsorption process. The surface properties of the orange peel powder were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like temperature, contact time, sorbent dosage, solution pH and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. The utmost uptake of Cd(II) ion was obtained at a contact time of 120 min, initial metal concentration of 240 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L, temperature of 45 °C and solution pH of 5.5. Equilibrium results showed that the orange peel adsorbent has an adsorption capacity of 128.23 mg/g as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption kinetics data followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.9 and low standard % error values. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic in nature with enthalpy of 0.0046 kJ mol−1 and entropy of-636.865 Jmol−1K−1. Results from the optimization study indicated that higher adsorbent dosage and lower Cd(II) ion concentration increased the percentage of Cd(II) ion removal. Thus, orange peel could be used in the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solutions.

Keywords

• Adsorption
• Cadmium
• Equilibrium
• Kinetics
• Orange peel