Frontiers in Marine Science (Aug 2019)
On the Future of Argo: A Global, Full-Depth, Multi-Disciplinary Array
- Dean Roemmich,
- Matthew H. Alford,
- Hervé Claustre,
- Kenneth Johnson,
- Brian King,
- James Moum,
- Peter Oke,
- W. Brechner Owens,
- Sylvie Pouliquen,
- Sarah Purkey,
- Megan Scanderbeg,
- Toshio Suga,
- Susan Wijffels,
- Nathalie Zilberman,
- Dorothee Bakker,
- Molly Baringer,
- Mathieu Belbeoch,
- Henry C. Bittig,
- Emmanuel Boss,
- Paulo Calil,
- Fiona Carse,
- Thierry Carval,
- Fei Chai,
- Diarmuid Ó. Conchubhair,
- Fabrizio d’Ortenzio,
- Giorgio Dall’Olmo,
- Damien Desbruyeres,
- Katja Fennel,
- Ilker Fer,
- Raffaele Ferrari,
- Gael Forget,
- Howard Freeland,
- Tetsuichi Fujiki,
- Marion Gehlen,
- Blair Greenan,
- Robert Hallberg,
- Toshiyuki Hibiya,
- Shigeki Hosoda,
- Steven Jayne,
- Markus Jochum,
- Gregory C. Johnson,
- KiRyong Kang,
- Nicolas Kolodziejczyk,
- Arne Körtzinger,
- Pierre-Yves Le Traon,
- Yueng-Djern Lenn,
- Guillaume Maze,
- Kjell Arne Mork,
- Tamaryn Morris,
- Takeyoshi Nagai,
- Jonathan Nash,
- Alberto Naveira Garabato,
- Are Olsen,
- Rama Rao Pattabhi,
- Satya Prakash,
- Stephen Riser,
- Catherine Schmechtig,
- Claudia Schmid,
- Emily Shroyer,
- Andreas Sterl,
- Philip Sutton,
- Lynne Talley,
- Toste Tanhua,
- Virginie Thierry,
- Sandy Thomalla,
- John Toole,
- Ariel Troisi,
- Thomas W. Trull,
- Jon Turton,
- Pedro Joaquin Velez-Belchi,
- Waldemar Walczowski,
- Haili Wang,
- Rik Wanninkhof,
- Amy F. Waterhouse,
- Stephanie Waterman,
- Andrew Watson,
- Cara Wilson,
- Annie P. S. Wong,
- Jianping Xu,
- Ichiro Yasuda
Affiliations
- Dean Roemmich
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Matthew H. Alford
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Hervé Claustre
- French National Center for Scientific Research, Villefranche Oceanographic Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Kenneth Johnson
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, United States
- Brian King
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
- James Moum
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Peter Oke
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- W. Brechner Owens
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Sylvie Pouliquen
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
- Sarah Purkey
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Megan Scanderbeg
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Toshio Suga
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Susan Wijffels
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Nathalie Zilberman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Dorothee Bakker
- 0School of Environmental Sciences, Centre for Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
- Molly Baringer
- 1Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
- Mathieu Belbeoch
- 2JCOMMOPS, Brest, France
- Henry C. Bittig
- French National Center for Scientific Research, Villefranche Oceanographic Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Emmanuel Boss
- 3School of Marine Sciences, The University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
- Paulo Calil
- 4Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
- Fiona Carse
- 5UK Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Thierry Carval
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
- Fei Chai
- 6State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- Diarmuid Ó. Conchubhair
- 7Irish Marine Institute, Galway, Ireland
- Fabrizio d’Ortenzio
- French National Center for Scientific Research, Villefranche Oceanographic Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
- Giorgio Dall’Olmo
- 8Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Damien Desbruyeres
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
- Katja Fennel
- 9Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Ilker Fer
- 0Physical Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Raffaele Ferrari
- 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Gael Forget
- 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Howard Freeland
- 2Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
- Tetsuichi Fujiki
- 3Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
- Marion Gehlen
- 4Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Blair Greenan
- 5Bedford Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
- Robert Hallberg
- 6National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
- Toshiyuki Hibiya
- 7Graduate School of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Shigeki Hosoda
- 3Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
- Steven Jayne
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Markus Jochum
- 8Neils Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Gregory C. Johnson
- 9National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States
- KiRyong Kang
- 0Korea Meteorological Administration, Seoul, South Korea
- Nicolas Kolodziejczyk
- 1CNRS-IRD-Ifremer, LOPS Laboratory, University of Brest, Brest, France
- Arne Körtzinger
- 2Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Pierre-Yves Le Traon
- 3Mercator-Ocean, Brest, France
- Yueng-Djern Lenn
- 4School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
- Guillaume Maze
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
- Kjell Arne Mork
- 5Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Tamaryn Morris
- 6Marine Research Unit, South African Weather Service, Cape Town, South Africa
- Takeyoshi Nagai
- 7Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology, Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Jonathan Nash
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Alberto Naveira Garabato
- National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Are Olsen
- 0Physical Oceanography, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Rama Rao Pattabhi
- 8Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad, India
- Satya Prakash
- 8Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad, India
- Stephen Riser
- 9School of Oceanography, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Catherine Schmechtig
- 0French National Center for Scientific Research, OSU Ecce Terra, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Claudia Schmid
- 1Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
- Emily Shroyer
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Andreas Sterl
- 1Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, De Bilt, Netherlands
- Philip Sutton
- 2National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Auckland, New Zealand
- Lynne Talley
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Toste Tanhua
- 2Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- Virginie Thierry
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Brest, France
- Sandy Thomalla
- 3Southern Ocean Carbon & Climate Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
- John Toole
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
- Ariel Troisi
- 4Servício de Hídrografia Naval, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Thomas W. Trull
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Jon Turton
- 5UK Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Pedro Joaquin Velez-Belchi
- 5Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Canary Islands, Spain
- Waldemar Walczowski
- 6Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot, Poland
- Haili Wang
- 7State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Rik Wanninkhof
- 1Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States
- Amy F. Waterhouse
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Stephanie Waterman
- 8Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Andrew Watson
- 9Earth System Science Group, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Cara Wilson
- 0National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Grove, CA, United States
- Annie P. S. Wong
- 9School of Oceanography, College of the Environment, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Jianping Xu
- 6State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China
- Ichiro Yasuda
- 1Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00439
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 6
Abstract
The Argo Program has been implemented and sustained for almost two decades, as a global array of about 4000 profiling floats. Argo provides continuous observations of ocean temperature and salinity versus pressure, from the sea surface to 2000 dbar. The successful installation of the Argo array and its innovative data management system arose opportunistically from the combination of great scientific need and technological innovation. Through the data system, Argo provides fundamental physical observations with broad societally-valuable applications, built on the cost-efficient and robust technologies of autonomous profiling floats. Following recent advances in platform and sensor technologies, even greater opportunity exists now than 20 years ago to (i) improve Argo’s global coverage and value beyond the original design, (ii) extend Argo to span the full ocean depth, (iii) add biogeochemical sensors for improved understanding of oceanic cycles of carbon, nutrients, and ecosystems, and (iv) consider experimental sensors that might be included in the future, for example to document the spatial and temporal patterns of ocean mixing. For Core Argo and each of these enhancements, the past, present, and future progression along a path from experimental deployments to regional pilot arrays to global implementation is described. The objective is to create a fully global, top-to-bottom, dynamically complete, and multidisciplinary Argo Program that will integrate seamlessly with satellite and with other in situ elements of the Global Ocean Observing System (Legler et al., 2015). The integrated system will deliver operational reanalysis and forecasting capability, and assessment of the state and variability of the climate system with respect to physical, biogeochemical, and ecosystems parameters. It will enable basic research of unprecedented breadth and magnitude, and a wealth of ocean-education and outreach opportunities.
Keywords
