Accuracy and clinical relevance of the single-lead Apple Watch electrocardiogram to identify atrial fibrillation

Abstract

Background: The Apple Watch (AW) is the first commercially available wearable device with built-in electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes to perform a single-lead ECG to detect atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: Patients with AF who were scheduled for electrical cardioversion (ECV) were included in this study. The AW ECGs were obtained pre-ECV and post-ECV. In case of an unclassified recording, the AW ECG was obtained up to 3 times. The 12-lead ECG was used as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, and kappa coefficient were calculated. Results: In total, 74 patients were included. Mean age was 67.1 ± 12.3 years and 20.3% were female. In total 65 AF and 64 sinus rhythm measurements were obtained. The first measurement with the AW showed a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 100% (κ = 0.94). A second measurement resulted in a sensitivity of 94.6% and specificity of 100% (κ = 0.95). A third measurement resulted in a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 96.5% (κ = 0.90). Adjudication of unclassified recordings by a physician reduced the total unclassified recordings from 27.9% to 1.6%, but also reduced the accuracy. The kappa coefficient for unclassified single-lead ECGs was 0.58. Conclusion: The single-lead ECG of the AW shows a high accuracy for identifying AF in a clinical setting. Repeating the recording once decreases the total of unclassified recordings; however, a third recording resulted in a lower accuracy and the occurrence of false-positive measurements. Unclassified results of the AW can be reduced by physicians’ interpretation of the single-lead ECG; however, the interrater agreement is only moderate.

Keywords

• Single-lead ECG
• Atrial fibrillation
• Accuracy
• Wearables
• Apple Watch