Native versus Modern Almond Cultivars of Mallorca Island: From Biodiversity to Industrial Aptitude and Fruit Quality

Abstract

Almond, one of the most characteristic crops in the agricultural landscape of Mallorca Island, cultivated mainly under rainfed conditions and from native cultivars, represents an important source of income for the Island. Nowadays, modern cultivars were introduced to meet the almond demand, agronomical needs, and climate change issues. Consumption has considerably increased in the last years and the SARS-CoV-2 virus contributed to consumer behavior changes. The present work aimed to characterize 14 cultivars of which 9 were modern and 5 natives. In general, the natives cultivars presented a lower weight (1.3 g), size (21 mm), darker skin (L = 38), softer texture (107 N), with more benzaldehyde flavor (2-fold change) and “twins” (16%), but with a greater thickness, fiber, and linoleic acid (0.1-fold change, respectively). Modern cultivars offered greater weight (1.5 g), size (24 mm), lighter skin (L = 39), and harder texture (121 N), with no or low benzaldehyde flavor and no “twins”. Finally, ‘Belona’, ‘Ferragnès’, ‘Marta’, ‘Masbovera’, ‘Penta’, ‘Soleta’, ‘Vairo’, ‘Duareta’, ‘Jordi’ and ‘Vivot’ met all the requirements to be certified under the quality guarantee Protected Indication of Origin “Almendra de Mallorca”. However, each cultivar presented its own profile which makes them suitable for different purposes in the food industry.

Keywords

• autochthonous cultivars
• breeding programs
• “<i>Almendra de Mallorca</i>”
• protected indication of origin standards
• morphology
• chemical composition