Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease: Diversity in the Vessel Wall
Prabhatchandra Dube,
Armelle DeRiso,
Mitra Patel,
Dhanushya Battepati,
Bella Khatib-Shahidi,
Himani Sharma,
Rajesh Gupta,
Deepak Malhotra,
Lance Dworkin,
Steven Haller,
David Kennedy
Affiliations
Prabhatchandra Dube
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Armelle DeRiso
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Mitra Patel
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Dhanushya Battepati
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Bella Khatib-Shahidi
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Himani Sharma
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Rajesh Gupta
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Deepak Malhotra
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Lance Dworkin
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Steven Haller
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
David Kennedy
Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Toledo, Health Education Building RM 205, 3000 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
Vascular calcification (VC) is one of the major causes of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). VC is a complex process expressing similarity to bone metabolism in onset and progression. VC in CKD is promoted by various factors not limited to hyperphosphatemia, Ca/Pi imbalance, uremic toxins, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and activation of multiple signaling pathways in different cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), macrophages, and endothelial cells. In the current review, we provide an in-depth analysis of the various kinds of VC, the clinical significance and available therapies, significant contributions from multiple cell types, and the associated cellular and molecular mechanisms for the VC process in the setting of CKD. Thus, we seek to highlight the key factors and cell types driving the pathology of VC in CKD in order to assist in the identification of preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for patients burdened with this disease.
