Functional continuous Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods

Abstract

Numerical methods for solving retarded functional differential equations of the second order with right-hand side independent of the function derivative are considered. The approach used by E. Nyström for second-order ordinary differential equations with the mentioned property is applied for construction of effective functional continuous methods. Order conditions are formulated, and example methods are constructed. They have fewer stages than Runge–Kutta type methods of the same order. Application of the constructed methods to test problems confirms their declared orders of convergence.

Keywords

• delay differential equations
• second order equations
• runge–kutta methods
• functional continuous methods