Using Gd-Enhanced β-NaYF₄:Yb,Er Fluorescent Nanorods Coupled to Reduced TiO₂ for the NIR-Triggered Photocatalytic Inactivation of <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Abstract

β-NaYF4:Yb,Er,Gd fluorescent nanorods were successfully coupled to a reduced TiO2 (UCNPs@R-TiO2) nanocomposite and applied to visible-light catalytic sterilization under 980 nm near-infrared (NIR) light illumination. The UCNPs (β-NaYF4:Yb,Er,Gd) absorb the NIR light and emit red and green light. The visible light can be absorbed by the R-TiO2 (Eg = 2.8 eV) for the photocatalytic reaction. About 98.1% of Escherichia coli were effectively killed upon 12 min of NIR light irradiation at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 μg/mL UCNPs@R-TiO2 nanocomposite. The bactericidal properties were further evaluated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis. We found that the high bactericidal activity was due to the synergistic effect between the UCNPs and R-TiO2. Moreover, the UCNPs show excellent upconversion luminance properties, and the introduction of visible-light-absorbed R-TiO2 nanoparticles (2.8 eV) was conducive to the efficient separation and utilization of photogenerated electron-hole pairs.

Keywords

• β-NaYF₄:Yb,Er,Gd nanorods
• reduced TiO₂ nanoparticles
• near-infrared light
• visible light
• <i>Escherichia coli</i>