A rare neurological complication of dengue: Guillain-Barré Syndrome in a dengue fever patient

Abstract

Background: Dengue fever is a common viral illness in tropical and subtropical regions, typically presenting with fever, myalgia, and hemorrhagic symptoms. While neurological complications are rare, Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a known but uncommon sequelae of viral infections, including dengue. Case presentation: We report the case of a previously healthy 32-year-old male who developed acute flaccid paralysis secondary to GBS following a dengue fever infection. The patient initially presented with classic dengue symptoms—fever, severe headache, retro-orbital pain, and myalgia. Following resolution of the acute dengue phase, he developed ascending muscle weakness, areflexia, and numbness in both legs. Electromyography confirmed a diagnosis of GBS, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed albuminocytologic dissociation. The patient was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), leading to significant clinical improvement, with gradual recovery of motor function. Discussion: This case highlights the rare but significant neurological complication of GBS following dengue fever. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for GBS in patients recovering from dengue, especially in endemic regions. Early diagnosis and treatment with IVIG or plasmapheresis are critical for improving outcomes in these patients. Conclusion: Dengue fever can lead to severe neurological sequelae such as GBS, and early recognition and intervention can prevent long-term disability. This case underscores the need for vigilance in identifying such complications in patients recovering from viral infections.

Keywords

• Dengue fever
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Acute flaccid paralysis
• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
• Neurological complications