Assessing the Presence of Phosphoinositides on Autophagosomal Membrane in Yeast by Live Cell Imaging

Abstract

The formation of autophagosomes mediating the sequestration of cytoplasmic materials is the central step of autophagy. Several phosphoinositides, which are signaling molecules on the membrane, are involved in autophagy. However, it is not always clear whether these phosphoinositides act directly at the site of autophagosome formation, or indirectly via the regulation of other steps or pathways. To address this question, we used a set of phosphoinositide probes to systematically examine their potential presence on autophagosomal membranes in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We verified the specificity of these probes using mutant cells deficient in the production of the corresponding phosphoinositides. We then examined starved yeast cells co-expressing a phosphoinositide probe together with an autophagosomal membrane marker, 2Katushka2S-Atg8. Our data revealed that PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(3,5)P2 were mainly present on the plasma membrane and vacuolar membrane, respectively. We observed only occasional co-localization between the PtdIns(4)P probe and Atg8, some of which may represent the transient passage of a PtdIns(4)P-containing structure near the autophagosomal membrane. In contrast, substantial colocalization of the PtdIns(3)P probe with Atg8 was observed. Taken together, our data indicate that only PtdIns(3)P is present in a substantial amount on the autophagosomal membrane. For other phosphoinositides involved in autophagy, either their presence on the autophagosomal membrane is very transient, or they act on other cellular membranes to regulate autophagy.

Keywords

• phosphoinositides
• autophagy
• protein trafficking
• yeast