Implications of climate change on water quality and sanitation in climate hotspot locations: A case study in Indonesia
Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan,
Erick R. Bandala,
Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman,
Hui Hwang Goh,
Abdelkader Anouzla,
Kit Wayne Chew,
Faissal Aziz,
Hussein E. Al-Hazmi,
Aulia Nisa'ul Khoir
Affiliations
Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan
College of Ecology and the Environment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
Erick R. Bandala
Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Las Vegas, Nevada 89119-7363, USA
Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Hui Hwang Goh
School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
Abdelkader Anouzla
Department of Process Engineering and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Hassan II of Casablanca, Mohammedia, Morocco
Kit Wayne Chew
School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637459 Singapore
Faissal Aziz
Laboratory of Water, Biodiversity & Climate Changes, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP 2390, 40000, Marrakech, Morocco
Hussein E. Al-Hazmi
Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
Aulia Nisa'ul Khoir
Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Southeast Asia is vulnerable to climate change with over half of its population already being impacted by drought, flooding, and rise in sea levels recently. This work reviews the current water resource challenges in Indonesia, prone to the rising impacts of climate change. A baseline assessment of Indonesia's water and drinking water resources related to its original sources is presented. In response to a growing concern over chronic challenges that undermine water supply nationwide, this study analyses drinking water safety supervision. To accomplish this, a literature survey (100 studies published during the 2000–2023 period) was performed to identify regional groundwater resources sustainability and water security issues. Among the main findings of this study, only 10% of rainfall infiltrates to the groundwater, while 70% of its rivers are heavily polluted by domestic waste. During the study period, water availability decreased to 1,200 m3/year in 2020, with only 35% of the resources being economically feasible for reuse. The water supply deficit in Indonesia was estimated to be 5.5 hm3/year with roughly 67% of the population's water demand satisfied in 2021. Although this deficit might be fulfilled with private vendors, water supply/demand forecasts in 2030 suggest that the gap could not be closed by increasing water supply. HIGHLIGHTS About 70% of rivers in Indonesia were heavily polluted by domestic waste.; Water availability decreased to 1,200 m3/year in 2020.; Only 35% of the water is economically feasible to be reused.; Only 67% of the water demand was supplied in 2021.; Only 10% of rainfall infiltrates the underlying groundwater.;
