Osteoimmune Interactions and Therapeutic Potential of Macrophage-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles in Bone-Related Diseases

Abstract

Nan Liu, Jinlei Dong, Lianxin Li, Fanxiao Liu Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Fanxiao Liu, Department of Orthopedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax [phone], Email [email protected]: Due to the aging of the global population, the burden of bone-related diseases has increased sharply. Macrophage, as indispensable components of both innate immune responses and adaptive immunity, plays a considerable role in maintaining bone homeostasis and promoting bone establishment. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have attracted increasing attention because they participate in cell cross-talk in pathological environments and can serve as drug delivery systems. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have expanded our knowledge about the effects of macrophage-derived sEVs (M-sEVs) in bone diseases via different forms of polarization and their biological functions. In this review, we comprehensively describe on the application and mechanisms of M-sEVs in various bone diseases and drug delivery, which may provide new perspectives for treating and diagnosing human bone disorders, especially osteoporosis, arthritis, osteolysis, and bone defects.Keywords: small extracellular vesicles, macrophage, crosstalk, drug delivery, bone homeostasis

Keywords

• small extracellular vesicles
• macrophage
• crosstalk
• drug delivery
• bone homeostasis