Detection of Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Cotinine in Smokers: Measured Through Interleukin-6 and Superoxide Dismutase

Abstract

Kumboyono Kumboyono,1 Indah Nur Chomsy,2 Ardhi Khoirul Hakim,3 Hidayat Sujuti,4,5 Tita Hariyanti,5,6 Arie Srihardyastutie,7 Titin Andri Wihastuti8 1Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; 2Doctoral Program of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; 3Master Program of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; 4Department of Biomolecular-Ophtalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; 5Saifur Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia; 6Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; 7Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia; 8Basic Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brawijaya, Malang, IndonesiaCorrespondence: Titin Andri Wihastuti, Email [email protected]: Smoking is a significant risk factor in developing cardiovascular disease pathogenesis through oxidative stress and inflammation mechanisms. This study used cotinine as a biomarker of nicotine exposure levels in the body, which was associated with levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) as markers of oxidative stress and vascular inflammation. The research aimed to analyze the effect of cotinine levels on the expression of IL-6 and SOD.Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design on 200 subjects, consisting 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers. Cotinine levels, IL-6 expression, and SOD were measured from the blood serum of each subject using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. Then the data were analyzed using Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA).Results: There was a significant effect of cotinine levels on the reduction of SOD mediated by IL-6 (CR = 4.006). Cotinine levels also increased IL-6 mediated by SOD (CR = 4.292). The structural model shows that higher cotinine levels will increase IL-6 expression, and conversely, SOD expression will decrease.Conclusion: High cotinine levels cause an increase in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress in the vasculature of smokers, which is characterized by high IL-6 expression and low SOD expression.Keywords: cotinine, IL-6, SOD, oxidative stress, cardiovascular disease, smoking

Keywords

• cotinine
• il-6
• sod
• oxidative stress
• cardiovascular disease
• smoking