Profile of Semiquinone Radicals, Phytohormones and Sugars in <i>Pistacia vera</i> L. cv. Kirmizi Development
Iwona Morkunas,
Mehmet Zafer Doğu,
Agnieszka Woźniak,
Waldemar Bednarski,
Jacek Kęsy,
Jan Bocianowski,
Şule Hilal Atar,
İpek Değirmenci Ürün,
Mateusz Labudda,
Zofia Zydlik,
Nesibe Ebru Kafkas,
Salih Kafkas,
Philippe Jeandet
Affiliations
Iwona Morkunas
Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
Mehmet Zafer Doğu
Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
Agnieszka Woźniak
Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
Waldemar Bednarski
Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
Jacek Kęsy
Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
Jan Bocianowski
Department of Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
Şule Hilal Atar
Department of Horticulture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
İpek Değirmenci Ürün
Department of Horticulture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
Mateusz Labudda
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Zofia Zydlik
Department of Dendrology and Nursery, Faculty of Agronomy, Horticulture and Bioengineering, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland
Nesibe Ebru Kafkas
Department of Horticulture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
Salih Kafkas
Department of Horticulture, University of Çukurova, 01330 Adana, Turkey
Philippe Jeandet
Research Unit “Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection”, UPRES EA 4707, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Reims, P.O. Box 1039, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France
The main aim of this study was to investigate metabolic responses of fruits, leaves, and shoots of pistachio trees (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kirmizi) during their development. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed significant increase in generation of semiquinone radicals in fruits and leaves of pistachio, while the flower cluster thinning application was conducted in relation to the control; especially at the second term of the plant material collection. Moreover, flower abscission caused an increase in the level of phytohormones such as indole-3-acetic acid and abscisic acid in fruits at the first term of fruits sampling. In turn, high-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed differences both in the profile as well as the contents of soluble sugars detected in pistachio organs. The highest total sugar content was found in fruits of pistachio where the flower cluster thinning application was made early. Total sugar levels were higher also in leaves and shoots of the above-mentioned pistachio plants in relation to the control until the third sampling time. The importance of high levels of fructose in the fruits following the flower abscission was observed. Additionally, analyses of mineral elements in organs showed that copper and phosphorus contents in fruits were higher after the flower abscission in relation to the control. To conclude, our findings signal on contribution of semiquinone radicals, paramagnetic manganese ions, phytohormones, nutrients, and sugars in pistachio organs development on the background of the flower cluster thinning which was applied before fructification.
