Analysis of the Fecal Metabolomic Profile in Breast vs. Different Formula Milk Feeding in Late Preterm Infants

Abstract

Human milk is the gold standard for infant nutrition, but when it is not available or insufficient to satisfy the needs of the infant, formula milk is proposed as an effective substitute. A prospective observational cohort study was conducted on late preterm infants fed with breast and two different formula milks. On this basis, they were divided into three groups: group FMPB (fed with formula + postbiotic), group FM (fed with standard formula), and group BM (breastfed). Stool samples for a metabolomic study were collected at T0 (5–7 days after birth), T1 (30 days of life), and T2 (90 days of life), giving rise to 74 samples analyzed via liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The T0, T1, and T2 LC-MS raw data were processed for Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), followed by a statistical analysis. This preliminary study highlighted a good overlapping between the fecal metabolome of breast and substitute feeding systems, confirming the efficacy of the formula preparations as breast milk substitutes. Moreover, several similarities were also detected between the FMPB and BM metabolome, highlighting that the addition of a postbiotic to standard formula milk could be more effective and considered a better alternative to breast milk.

Keywords

• newborn
• neonatal nutrition
• breast milk
• postbiotic enrichment
• <i>Lactobacillus paracasei</i>
• mass spectrometry-based metabolomics