$$SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y\left( \times U(1)_X \right) $$ SU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)Y×U(1)X as a symmetry of division algebraic ladder operators

Abstract

Abstract We demonstrate a model which captures certain attractive features of SU(5) theory, while providing a possible escape from proton decay. In this paper we show how ladder operators arise from the division algebras $$\mathbb {R}$$ R , $$\mathbb {C}$$ C , $$\mathbb {H}$$ H , and $$\mathbb {O}$$ O . From the SU(n) symmetry of these ladder operators, we then demonstrate a model which has much structural similarity to Georgi and Glashow’s SU(5) grand unified theory. However, in this case, the transitions leading to proton decay are expected to be blocked, given that they coincide with presumably forbidden transformations which would incorrectly mix distinct algebraic actions. As a result, we find that we are left with $$G_{sm} = SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y / \mathbb {Z}_6$$ Gsm=SU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)Y/Z6 . Finally, we point out that if U(n) ladder symmetries are used in place of SU(n), it may then be possible to find this same $$G_{sm}=SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L\times U(1)_Y / \mathbb {Z}_6$$ Gsm=SU(3)C×SU(2)L×U(1)Y/Z6 , together with an extra $$U(1)_X$$ U(1)X symmetry, related to $$B\!-\!L$$ B-L .