Li₃PO₄-Coated Graphite Anode for Thermo-Electrochemically Stable Lithium-Ion Batteries

Abstract

Extensive research on electrode materials has been sparked by the rising demand for high-energy-density rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Graphite is a crucial component of LIB anodes, as more than 90% of the commercialized cathodes are coupled with the graphite anode. For the advanced graphite anode, the fast charge–discharge electrochemical performance and the thermal stability need to be further improved in order to meet the growing demand. Herein, a graphite anode material’s thermo-electrochemical stability was improved by the surface coating of lithium phosphate (Li3PO4; LPO). The graphite anode with a well-dispersed LPO-coating layer (graphite@LPO) demonstrated significant improvement in the cycle and rate performances. The graphite@LPO sample showed a capacity retention of 67.8% after 300 cycles at 60 °C, whereas the pristine graphite anode failed after 225 cycles, confirming the ameliorated thermo-electrochemical stability and cyclability by LPO coating. The improved thermo-electrochemical stability of the graphite@LPO anode was validated by the full-cell tests as well. The performance enhancement by LPO-coating is due to the suppression of the growth of the surface film and charge-transfer resistances during the repeated cycling, as evidenced by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis.

Keywords

• lithium-ion batteries
• graphite anode
• lithium phosphate (Li₃PO₄)
• thermo-electrochemical stability