Endoluminal occlusion devices: technology update

Abstract

Tobias Zander,1 Samantha Medina,1 Guillermo Montes,1 Lourdes Nuñez-Atahualpa,1 Michel Valdes,1 Manuel Maynar1,2 1Endoluminal/Vascular Department, Hospiten Hospital Group, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, 2University of Las Palmas de Gran Canarias, Las Palmas, Canary Island, Spain Abstract: Endoluminal occlusion has been performed since the early beginning of interventional radiology. Over recent decades, major technological advances have improved the techniques used and different devices have been developed for changing conditions. Most of these occlusion devices have been implemented in the vascular territory. Early embolization materials included glass particles, hot contrast, paraffin, fibrin, and tissue fragments such as muscle fibers and blood clots; today, occlusion materials include metallic devices, particles, and liquid materials, which can be indicated for proximal or distal occlusion, high-flow and low-flow situations, and in large-caliber and small-caliber vessels, based on need. Technological progress has led to a decreased size of delivery catheters, and an increase in safety due to release systems that permit the withdrawing and replacement of embolization material. Furthermore, bioactive embolization materials have been developed to increase the efficacy of embolization or the biological effect of medication. Finally, materials have been modified for changing indications. Intravascular stents were initially developed to keep an artery open; however, by adding a covering membrane, these stents can be used to occlude the wall of a vessel or other endoluminal structures. This article gives an overview of the devices most utilized for occlusion of endoluminal structures, as well as their major purpose in the endovascular territory. Keywords: embolization, endovascular treatment, occlusion devices, hemorrhage, aneurysm, fistula