A simple and fast multiclass method for determination of steroid hormones in berry fruits, root and leafy vegetables

Abstract

This study is focused on the development of a multiclass analytical method for sensitive determination of steroid hormones (progestins, oestrogens, androgens and glucocorticoids) in fruits and vegetables. The herein considered analytes present a wide logP range, thus they tend to accumulate differently in edible parts. Therefore, a berry fruit (strawberry), a root vegetable (carrot), and a leafy vegetable (spinach) were chosen as probes to develop the extraction procedure. This, optimized by a chemometric approach (23 experimental design) on lyophilized samples (0.25 g, spike 100 ng g − 1), entails a rapid ultrasonic extraction (3 × 1 min cycles) with low consumption (3 × 2 mL) of MeOH, selected as extraction solvent by a preliminary screening. The clean-up step, necessary due to the complexity of the matrices, was performed by a simple solid-phase extraction procedure on the Supelclean™ LC-NH2 sorbent afore the selective quantification by HPLC–ESI-MS/MS (MRM mode). The final analytical method was successfully applied to multianalyte extraction at lower concentrations (10–50 ng g−1) with good recoveries and repeatability, and it was successfully extended to raspberry, radish and arugula, further supporting applicability to this kind of samples. The results from the analysis of fruits and vegetables purchased from local markets, where some steroids have been quantified at the low ng g−1 levels, are consistent with literature data about concentration of these emerging pollutants in edible plants, also according to their LogP values.

Keywords

• Steroid hormones
• Vegetables
• Fruits
• Ultrasound-assisted extraction
• Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
• Food monitoring