Cyclin‐dependent kinase 12 deficiency reprogrammes cellular metabolism to alleviate ferroptosis potential and promote the progression of castration‐resistant prostate cancer

Abstract

Abstract Background Cyclin‐dependent kinase 12 (CDK12)‐deficient prostate cancer defines a subtype of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with a poor prognosis. Current therapy, including PARP inhibitors, shows minimal treatment efficacy for this subtype of CRPC, and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Methods Based on bioinformatics analysis, we evaluated the relationship between CDK12 deficiency and prostate cancer patient's prognosis and treatment resistance. Furthermore, we used CRISPR‐Cas9 technology and mass spectrometry‐based metabolomic profiling to reveal the metabolic characteristics of CDK12‐deficient CRPC. To elucidate the specific mechanisms of CDK12 deficiency‐mediated CRPC metabolic reprogramming, we utilized cell RNA‐seq profiling and other molecular biology techniques, including cellular reactive oxygen species probes, mitochondrial function assays, ChIP‐qPCR and RNA stability analyses, to clarify the role of CDK12 in regulating mitochondrial function and its contribution to ferroptosis. Finally, through in vitro drug sensitivity testing and in vivo experiments in mice, we identified the therapeutic effects of the electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitor IACS‐010759 on CDK12‐deficient CRPC. Results CDK12‐deficient prostate cancers reprogramme cellular energy metabolism to support their aggressive progression. In particular, CDK12 deficiency enhanced the mitochondrial respiratory chain for electronic transfer and ATP synthesis to create a ferroptosis potential in CRPC cells. However, CDK12 deficiency downregulated ACSL4 expression, which counteracts the lipid oxidation stress, leading to the escape of CRPC cells from ferroptosis. Furthermore, targeting the ETC substantially inhibited the proliferation of CDK12‐deficient CRPC cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential new target for the therapy of CDK12‐deficient prostate cancer. Conclusions Our findings show that energy and lipid metabolism in CDK12‐deficient CRPC work together to drive CRPC progression and provide a metabolic insight into the worse prognosis of CDK12‐deficient prostate cancer patients. Key points CDK12 deficiency promotes castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) progression by reprogramming cellular metabolism. CDK12 deficiency in CRPC leads to a more active mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), ensuring efficient cell energy supply. CDK12 phosphorylates RNA Pol II to ensure the transcription of ACSL4 to regulate ferroptosis. Mitochondrial ETC inhibitors exhibit better selectivity for CDK12‐deficient CRPC cells, offering a promising new therapeutic approach for this subtype of CRPC patients.

Keywords

• CDK12
• CRPC
• ferroptosis
• metabolism