Fastest Local Entanglement Scrambler, Multistage Thermalization, and a Non-Hermitian Phantom

Abstract

We study random quantum circuits and their rate of producing bipartite entanglement, specifically with respect to the choice of 2-qubit gates and the order (protocol) in which these are applied. The problem is mapped to a Markovian process, and we prove that there are large spectral equivalence classes—different configurations have the same spectrum. Optimal gates and the protocol that generate entanglement with the fastest theoretically possible rate are identified. Relaxation towards the asymptotic thermal entanglement proceeds via a series of phase transitions in the local relaxation rate, which is a consequence of non-Hermiticity. In particular, non-Hermiticity can cause the rate to be either faster or, even more interestingly, slower than predicted by the matrix eigenvalue gap. This result is caused by expansion coefficients that grow exponentially with system size, resulting in a “phantom” eigenvalue and is due to nonorthogonality of non-Hermitian eigenvectors. We numerically demonstrate that the phenomenon also occurs in random circuits with nonoptimal generic gates, random U(4) gates, and also without spatial or temporal randomness, suggesting that it could be of wide importance in other non-Hermitian settings, including correlations.