Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils Based on Multi-Receptor Modeling Combined with Monte Carlo Simulation
Yundong Wu,
Yan Xia,
Li Mu,
Wenjie Liu,
Qiuying Wang,
Tianyan Su,
Qiu Yang,
Amani Milinga,
Yanwei Zhang
Affiliations
Yundong Wu
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Yan Xia
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Li Mu
Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
Wenjie Liu
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Qiuying Wang
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Tianyan Su
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Qiu Yang
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Amani Milinga
Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, School of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
Yanwei Zhang
Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Control of Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Safe-Product, Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
The spatial characteristics, pollution sources, and risks of soil heavy metals were analyzed on Hainan Island. The results showed that the heavily polluted points accounted for 0.56%, and the number of mildly and above polluted points accounted for 15.27%, respectively, which were mainly distributed in the northern part of the study area. The principal component analysis–absolute principal component score–multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed four sources of heavy metals: agricultural pollution sources for cadmium, (Cd), industrial and mining pollution sources for arsenic, (As), transportation pollution sources for zinc and lead (Zn and Pb), and natural pollution sources for chromium, nickel, and copper (Cr, Ni, and Cu). The human health risk assessment indicated that the average non-carcinogenic risk (HI) for both adults and children was within the safe threshold (1, indicating a potential health risk above the safe threshold. Meanwhile, nearly 100% and 99.94% of the TCR values exceeded 1 × 10−4 for children and adults, indicating that Cr and Ni are priority heavy metals for control. The research results provide the necessary scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metals in agricultural soils.
