Kējì Fǎxué Pínglùn (Jun 2004)
TRIPS 與羅爾斯的國際正義理論初探 The TRIPS Agreement and John Rawls’s Theory of International Justice
Abstract
本文探討政治哲學家約翰〃羅爾斯（John Rawls）於1990 年代後期發展的國際正義理論如何適用於對「與貿易有關的智財權協定」（TRIPS）的訂定背景的分析，目的是在建立一個對於TRIPS 加以批判的觀點。羅爾斯的國際正義理論主要發展於他的「人民間法」（The Law of Peoples）一書，但與羅爾斯以前的著作，包括「正義論」（A Theory of Justice）與「政治自由主義」（Political Liberalism）有脈絡上密不可分的關係。本文詴圖應用在這些著作中提出的概念，包括第二（國際）原始立場、無知面紗、暫時狀態與重疊共識的區別等。在另一面，TRIPS 的訂立過程呈現的問題，如貿易與智財權的連結、對於國際智財權體制的功能的基本不合意、對開發中國家的不帄衡負擔等，都是「政治自由主義」所要解釋的問題，也就是基於暫時協定的體制，如何能克服穩定性上的困難，而達成重疊共識的目標。本文係針對此問題所提出的初步的看法。 The topic of this article is how the theory of international justice developed by political philosopher John Rawls in the mid-1990s can be applied to analyzing TRIPS, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, and its drafting process. The purpose here is to construct a point of view for the critique of TRIPS. Rawls’s theory of international justice was primarily developed in his The Law of Peoples but also bore imprints from the previous works, including A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism. The author of this article has intended to apply several concepts proposed by Rawls in these works, including the second stage of the original position, the veil of ignorance, modus vivendi, and overlapping consensus. Many issues relating to TRIPS’ drafting process are in effect the questions that Political Liberalism has intended to answer; these issues include the fundamental disagreement over the function of an international intellectual property regime and the disproportionate burdens placed on the developing countries. This article concludes by suggesting that a process for reaching an overlapping consensus over the goal of international intellectual property should be developed, probably, within the institutional structure of the WTO.
