The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series (Jan 2024)
ALMA Lensing Cluster Survey: Deep 1.2 mm Number Counts and Infrared Luminosity Functions at z ≃ 1–8
- Seiji Fujimoto,
- Kotaro Kohno,
- Masami Ouchi,
- Masamune Oguri,
- Vasily Kokorev,
- Gabriel Brammer,
- Fengwu Sun,
- Jorge González-López,
- Franz E. Bauer,
- Gabriel B. Caminha,
- Bunyo Hatsukade,
- Johan Richard,
- Ian Smail,
- Akiyoshi Tsujita,
- Yoshihiro Ueda,
- Ryosuke Uematsu,
- Adi Zitrin,
- Dan Coe,
- Jean-Paul Kneib,
- Marc Postman,
- Keiichi Umetsu,
- Claudia del P. Lagos,
- Gergö Popping,
- Yiping Ao,
- Larry Bradley,
- Karina Caputi,
- Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky,
- Eiichi Egami,
- Daniel Espada,
- R. J. Ivison,
- Mathilde Jauzac,
- Kirsten K. Knudsen,
- Anton M. Koekemoer,
- Georgios E. Magdis,
- Guillaume Mahler,
- A. M. Muñoz Arancibia,
- Timothy Rawle,
- Kazuhiro Shimasaku,
- Sune Toft,
- Hideki Umehata,
- Francesco Valentino,
- Tao Wang,
- Wei-Hao Wang
Affiliations
- Seiji Fujimoto
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , Austin, TX, USA ; [email protected]; Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Kotaro Kohno
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Masami Ouchi
- ORCiD
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo , 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, Japan; Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), University of Tokyo , Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583, Japan
- Masamune Oguri
- ORCiD
- Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University , 1-33 Yayoi-Cho, Inage-Ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Vasily Kokorev
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Gabriel Brammer
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Fengwu Sun
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Jorge González-López
- ORCiD
- Núcleo de Astronomía de la Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Diego Portales , Av. Ejército Libertador 441, Santiago, Chile; Las Campanas Observatory, Carnegie Institution of Washington , Casilla 601, La Serena, Chile
- Franz E. Bauer
- ORCiD
- Instituto de Astrofísica , Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Campus San Joaquín, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
- Gabriel B. Caminha
- ORCiD
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bunyo Hatsukade
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies , SOKENDAI, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
- Johan Richard
- ORCiD
- Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574 , F-69230, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
- Ian Smail
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Akiyoshi Tsujita
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, Japan
- Yoshihiro Ueda
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Ryosuke Uematsu
- ORCiD
- Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Adi Zitrin
- ORCiD
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , P.O. Box 653, Be’er-sheva 8410501, Israel
- Dan Coe
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) , 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) , Inc. for the European Space Agency (ESA), USA; Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University , 3400 N Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Jean-Paul Kneib
- ORCiD
- Laboratoire dÁstrophysique , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Observatoire de Sauverny, CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Marc Postman
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) , 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Keiichi Umetsu
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica (ASIAA), AS/NTU Astronomy-Mathematics Building, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Claudia del P. Lagos
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR), M468, University of Western Australia , 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D) , Australia
- Gergö Popping
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Yiping Ao
- ORCiD
- Purple Mountain Observatory and Key Laboratory for Radio Astronomy, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Larry Bradley
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) , 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Karina Caputi
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Miroslava Dessauges-Zavadsky
- ORCiD
- Département d'Ástronomie, Université de Genève , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland
- Eiichi Egami
- ORCiD
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Daniel Espada
- ORCiD
- Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Campus de Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Universidad de Granada , E-18071, Granada, Spain; Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional , Facultad de Ciencias, E-18071, Granada, Spain
- R. J. Ivison
- ORCiD
- European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
- Mathilde Jauzac
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- Kirsten K. Knudsen
- ORCiD
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Anton M. Koekemoer
- ORCiD
- Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) , 3700 San Martin Dr., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Georgios E. Magdis
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark , Elektrovej 327, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Guillaume Mahler
- ORCiD
- Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE, UK; Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University , South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
- A. M. Muñoz Arancibia
- ORCiD
- Millennium Institute of Astrophysics , Nuncio Monseñor Sótero Sanz 100, Of 104, Providencia, Santiago, Chile; Center for Mathematical Modeling (CMM), Universidad de Chile , Beauchef 851, Santiago, Chile
- Timothy Rawle
- ORCiD
- European Space Agency (ESA), ESA Office, Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Kazuhiro Shimasaku
- ORCiD
- Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Astronomy, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Sune Toft
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Hideki Umehata
- ORCiD
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University , Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology , 1200 E California Blvd, MC 249-17, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Francesco Valentino
- ORCiD
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN) , Denmark; Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen , Jagtvej 128, DK2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2, D-85748, Garching, Germany
- Tao Wang
- ORCiD
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Modern Astronomy and Astrophysics (Nanjing University) , Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Wei-Hao Wang
- ORCiD
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica (ASIAA), AS/NTU Astronomy-Mathematics Building, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad5ae2
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 275,
no. 2
p. 36
Abstract
We present a statistical study of 180 dust continuum sources identified in 33 massive cluster fields by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Lensing Cluster Survey (ALCS) over a total of 133 arcmin ^2 area, homogeneously observed at 1.2 mm. ALCS enables us to detect extremely faint millimeter sources by lensing magnification, including near-infrared (NIR) dark objects showing no counterparts in existing Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer images. The dust continuum sources belong to a blind sample ( N = 141) with signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) ≳ 5.0 (a purity of >0.99) or a secondary sample ( N = 39) with S/N = 4.0–5.0 screened by priors. With the blind sample, we securely derive 1.2 mm number counts down to ∼7 μ Jy, and find that the total integrated 1.2 mm flux is ${20.7}_{-6.5}^{+8.5}$ Jy deg ^−2 , resolving ≃80% of the cosmic infrared background light. The resolved fraction varies by a factor of 0.6–1.1 due to the completeness correction depending on the spatial size of the millimeter emission. We also derive infrared (IR) luminosity functions (LFs) at z = 0.6–7.5 with the $1/{V}_{\max }$ method, finding the redshift evolution of IR LFs characterized by positive luminosity and negative density evolution. The total (= UV + IR) cosmic star formation rate density (SFRD) at z > 4 is estimated to be ${161}_{-21}^{+25}$ % of the Madau and Dickinson measurements mostly based on rest-frame UV surveys. Although our general understanding of the cosmic SFRD is unlikely to change beyond a factor of 2, these results add to the weight of evidence for an additional (≈60%) SFRD component contributed by the faint millimeter population, including NIR-dark objects.
Keywords
- Galaxy formation
- Galaxy evolution
- Starburst galaxies
- Millimeter astronomy
- Cosmic background radiation
- Luminosity function
