Prevalence of Non-Polio Enteroviruses in the Sewage of Guangzhou City, China, from 2013 to 2021

Abstract

ABSTRACT Continuous surveillance of enteroviruses (EVs) in urban domestic sewage can timely reflect the circulation of EVs in the environment and crowds, and play a predictive and early warning role in EV-related diseases. To better understand the long-term epidemiological trends of circulating EVs and EV-related diseases, we conducted a 9-year (2013 to 2021) surveillance study of non-polio EVs (NPEVs) in urban sewage in Guangzhou city, China. After concentrating and isolating the viruses from the sewage samples, NPEVs were detected and molecular typing was performed. Twenty-one different NPEV serotypes were identified. The most isolated EVs were echovirus 11 (E11), followed by coxsackievirus (CV) B5, E6, and CVB3. EV species B prevailed in sewage samples, but variations in the annual frequency of different serotypes were also observed in different seasons, due to spatial and temporal factors. E11 and E6 were detected continuously before 2017, and the number of isolates was relatively stable during the surveillance period. However, after their explosive growth in 2018 and 2019, their numbers suddenly decreased significantly. CVB3 and CVB5 had alternating trends; CVB5 was most frequently detected in 2013 to 2014 and 2017 to 2018, while CVB3 was most frequently detected in 2015 to 2016 and 2020 to 2021. Phylogenetic analysis showed that at least two different transmission chains of CVB3 and CVB5 were prevalent in Guangzhou City. Our results show that in the absence of a comprehensive and systematic EV-related disease surveillance system in China, environmental surveillance is a powerful and effective tool to strengthen and further investigate the invisible transmission of EVs in the population. IMPORTANCE This study surveilled urban sewage samples from north China for 9 years to monitor enteroviruses. Samples were collected, processed, and viral identification and molecular typing were performed. We detected 21 different non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with yearly variations in prevalence and peak seasons. In addition, this study is very important for understanding the epidemiology of EVs during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the detection frequency and serotypes of EVs in sewage changed considerably around 2020. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to the literature because our results strongly suggest that environmental surveillance is an exceptionally important tool, which can be employed to detect and monitor organisms of public health concern, which would otherwise be missed and under-reported by case-based surveillance systems alone.

Keywords

• epidemiological trends
• non-polio enteroviruses
• sewage surveillance