Variable-Temperature Non-Linear Optical Imaging Witnesses Change in Crystalline Rotor Dynamics at Phase Transition

Abstract

We present a novel approach to second harmonic microscopy combining variable temperature and photon counting. This innovative method aims to generate Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) images by scanning the same area multiple times with short pixel dwell times and low excitation intensities, as illustrated by imaging the full extent of a single crystalline rod of (1,4-bis((4′-(iodoethynyl)phenyl) ethynyl) bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO). Remarkably, this new technique records the change in SHG intensity that occurs along with the crystalline phase transition at 108 K, thereby showing great promise in exploring the intricate instabilities of rotator dynamics concealed within the phase diagrams of molecular machines. Notably, our findings reveal a sustained decrease in non-linear optical intensity as the temperature drops to 95 K, followed by a sharp increase in SHG intensity at approximately 108 K, in synchronicity with the phase transition reported earlier that involves an intricate set of concerted changes in rotor dynamics.

Keywords

• second harmonic generation
• non-linear microscopy
• solid–solid phase transition
• molecular rotors