Adjustable Gel Texture of Recovered Crude Agar Induced by Pressurized Hot Water Treatment of <i>Gelidium sesquipedale</i> Industry Waste Stream: An RSM Analysis

Abstract

A significant amount of bioactive compound-rich solid waste is released during the industrial phycocolloid-centric extraction of Gelidium sesquipedale. The impact of mild pressurized hot water extraction on repurposing this waste for the recovery of agar with an adjustable gel texture is investigated. A two-factor interaction response surface model assessed the influences of the operating temperatures (80 to 130 °C), times (45 and 150 min), pressures (1 to 70 bar), and algae concentrations (3 to 10% (w:v)). At a temperature of 100 °C, a pressure of 10.13 bar, a recovery time of 45 min, and a 10% algae concentration, the working parameters were considered ideal (w:v). Agar with a hardness of 431.6 g, an adhesiveness of −13.14 g.s−1, a springiness of 0.94, a cohesiveness of 0.63, and a gumminess of 274.46 g was produced under these conditions. A combined desirability of 0.78 was obtained for the exposed technology that retrieved gels with a minimum agar yield of 10% and thermal hysteresis between 39 ± 1 and 52 ± 0.5 °C. The fitted design can provide a high techno-commercial value to the agri-food industrial waste stream.

Keywords

• agar
• <i>Gelidium sesquipedale</i> waste stream
• food industry
• pressurized hot water extraction
• RSM
• texture