Antibacterial Pathways in Transition Metal-Based Nanocomposites: A Mechanistic Overview

Abstract

Chinmaya Mutalik,1,2 I-Hsin Lin,3 Dyah Ika Krisnawati,4 Siti Khaerunnisa,5 Muhamad Khafid,6 Widodo,7 Yu-Cheng Hsiao,1,8– 10 Tsung-Rong Kuo1,2 1International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; 2Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; 3School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; 4Dharma Husada Nursing Academy, Kediri, Indonesia; 5Department of Physiology and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; 6Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Universitas Nahdlatul Ulama Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia; 7College of Information System, Universitas Nusantara PGRI, Kediri, Indonesia; 8Graduate Institute of Biomedical Optomechatronics, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; 9Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; 10Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USACorrespondence: Yu-Cheng Hsiao; Tsung-Rong Kuo, Tel [phone] ext. 1359 ; [phone] ext. 7706, Email [email protected]; [email protected]: Across the planet, outbreaks of bacterial illnesses pose major health risks and raise concerns. Photodynamic, photothermal, and metal ion release effects of transition metal-based nanocomposites (TMNs) were recently shown to be highly effective in reducing bacterial resistance and upsurges in outbreaks. Surface plasmonic resonance, photonics, crystal structures, and optical properties of TMNs have been used to regulate metal ion release, produce oxidative stress, and generate heat for bactericidal applications. The superior properties of TMNs provide a chance to investigate and improve their antimicrobial actions, perhaps leading to therapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss three alternative antibacterial strategies based on TMNs of photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and metal ion release and their mechanistic actions. The scientific community has made significant efforts to address the safety, effectiveness, toxicity, and biocompatibility of these metallic nanostructures; significant achievements and trends have been highlighted in this review. The combination of therapies together has borne significant results to counter antimicrobial resistance (4-log reduction). These three antimicrobial pathways are separated into subcategories based on recent successes, highlighting potential needs and challenges in medical, environmental, and allied industries.Graphical Abstract: Keywords: transition metals, nanocomposites, photodynamic, photothermal, metal ion release, antibacterial mechanisms

Keywords

• transition metals
• nanocomposites
• photodynamic
• photothermal
• metal ion release
• antibacterial mechanisms