Globalizacja de facto i de iure oraz zmiana jej poziomu na świecie

Abstract

The goal of this paper is to show the changes that have taken place in the level of de facto and de jure globalization in the world. The KOF index of globalization, in general and economic dimension, is in fact the basis for describing these changes during the years 1990-2019 in high, upper middle, lower middle and low income economies (according to the World Bank). The main conclusions of the study are as follows: Globalization has covered all countries, although the level is varied. The level of globalization depends on the level of wealth. The higher income, the higher the degree of globalization. De facto overall globalization is lower than de jure globalization. In the case of economic globalization it is the opposite. The exceptions to this are high-income countries. Middle and low income countries have globalized more in the regulatory (de jure) than the real (de facto) sphere. The increase in the level of globalization has been recorded amongst all groups in the last three decades, but in recent years it has already been minimised. So a slowbalization has become a fact.(original abstract)