Ethical and policy considerations for COVID-19 vaccination modalities: delayed second dose, fractional dose, mixed vaccines

• Sonali Kochhar,
• Anant Bhan,
• Prakash Ghimire,
• Caesar Atuire,
• Ehsan Shamsi-Gooshki,
• Jonathan Wolff,
• Ezekiel Emanuel,
• Ruth Faden,
• Dirceu Greco,
• Calvin W L Ho,
• Surie Moon,
• Owen G Schaefer,
• Jerome Amir Singh,
• Maxwell J Smith,
• Beatriz Thomé,
• Aissatou Touré,
• Ross Upshar

Affiliations

Sonali Kochhar

Global Health, Global Healthcare Consulting, New Delhi, India

Anant Bhan

Centre for Ethics, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Prakash Ghimire

Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal

Caesar Atuire

Philosophy and Classics, University of Ghana, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana

Ehsan Shamsi-Gooshki

5 Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)

Jonathan Wolff

Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, Oxford, UK

Ezekiel Emanuel

Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy in the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Ruth Faden

Member of WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) COVID-19 Vaccines Working Group, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Dirceu Greco

Professor Emeritus, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Calvin W L Ho

Department of Law, and Centre for Medical Ethics and Law, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong

Surie Moon

Law, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneve, Switzerland

Owen G Schaefer

Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Jerome Amir Singh

8 Howard College School of Law, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa

Maxwell J Smith

Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Beatriz Thomé

Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Aissatou Touré

Indpendent consultant, Dakar, Senegal

Ross Upshar

Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada