Molecular Changes in Cells of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Depending on Changes in Glycemia Level in the Context of Lifestyle—An Overview of the Latest Scientific Discoveries

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a significant health problem for medicine and economics. In 80–90% of cases, it is type 2 diabetes (T2DM). An essential aspect for people with T2DM is to control blood glucose levels and avoid significant deviations. Modifiable and non-modifiable factors influence the incidence of hyperglycemia and, sometimes, hypoglycemia. The lifestyle modifiable factors are body mass, smoking, physical activity, and diet. These affect the level of glycemia and impact molecular changes. Molecular changes affect the cell’s primary function, and understanding them will improve our understanding of T2DM. These changes may become a therapeutic target for future therapy of type 2 diabetes, contributing to increasing the effectiveness of treatment. In addition, the influence of external factors (e.g., activity, diet) on each domain of molecular characterization has gained importance towards a better understanding of their role in prevention. In the current review, we aimed to collect scientific reports on the latest research about modifiable factors connected with the style of life which affect the glycemic level in the context of molecular discoveries.

Keywords

• type 2 diabetes
• glucose fluctuations
• hypoglycemia
• hyperglycemia
• modifiable factors
• transcriptional factors